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1. The Time of Prophet Muhammad (610-632 CE)

• 610 CE: The first revelation to Muhammad, marking the beginning of Islam
• 619 CE: The Night Journey (Isra and Mi'raj), where the five daily prayers were prescribed
• 622 CE: The Hijra to Medina, establishment of the first mosque
• Standardization of prayer times and methods by the Prophet

2. The Rightly Guided Caliphs (632-661 CE)

• Compilation of the Quran, preserving the verses recited in prayer
• Expansion of Islam, leading to the construction of mosques in new territories
• Establishment of the call to prayer (Adhan) as a standard practice

3. Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE)

• Construction of grand mosques, including the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
• Development of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), including detailed rulings on prayer
• Incorporation of local architectural styles in mosque design

4. Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE)

• Golden Age of Islamic scholarship, refinement of prayer practices
• Compilation of Hadith collections, providing detailed accounts of the Prophet's prayer
• Development of different schools of Islamic law, each with slight variations in prayer practices

5. Medieval Period (1000-1500 CE)

• Spread of Sufism, emphasizing spiritual aspects of prayer
• Innovations in mosque architecture, including the widespread use of minarets
• Development of Islamic timekeeping instruments for accurate prayer times

6. Ottoman Empire (1299-1922 CE)

• Standardization of mosque architecture across a vast empire
• Appointment of official timekeepers (muwaqqits) in major mosques
• Development of the Ottoman style of calligraphy used in mosques

7. Colonial Era (18th-20th centuries)

• Challenges to traditional prayer practices under colonial rule
• Emergence of Islamic reformist movements, emphasizing return to early Islamic practices
• Adaptation of prayer practices in Muslim minority communities

8. Modern Era (20th century - Present)

• Use of loudspeakers for the call to prayer
• Development of prayer time calculation software and mobile apps
• Design of modern mosques incorporating contemporary architecture
• Debates on gender roles in mosques and prayer spaces
• Adaptation of prayer practices during global events (e.g., space travel, pandemics)

Key Developments in Prayer Practices

1. Standardization of the five daily prayers
2. Establishment of congregational prayers (Jumu'ah)
3. Development of detailed rules for prayer in different situations (travel, illness, etc.)
4. Incorporation of various cultural elements while maintaining core practices
5. Adaptation to modern technology for timekeeping and education

Conclusion

The history of Islamic prayer reflects the broader history of the Muslim world, showing both continuity in core practices and adaptation to changing circumstances. From the simple, direct teachings of Prophet Muhammad to the complex, global practice of today, prayer remains a unifying factor for Muslims worldwide, evolving yet retaining its essential spiritual core.