Factors Affecting Prayer Times
- Latitude: The further from the equator, the more extreme the variation in daylight hours.
- Season: The tilt of Earth's axis causes seasonal changes in daylight hours.
- Longitude: Affects the exact time of solar noon.
Adjusting for Different Latitudes
Equatorial Regions (0° to 20° latitude)
- Prayer times remain relatively consistent throughout the year.
- Example: Nairobi, Kenya (1.2921° S) has minimal variation in prayer times.
Mid-Latitude Regions (20° to 55° latitude)
- Moderate variations in prayer times throughout the year.
- Example: New York City, USA (40.7128° N) experiences noticeable changes in prayer times between summer and winter.
High-Latitude Regions (55° to 90° latitude)
- Extreme variations in prayer times, especially during summer and winter.
- Example: Reykjavik, Iceland (64.1265° N) has periods where the sun doesn't set in summer and doesn't rise in winter.
Seasonal Adjustments
Summer
- Fajr and Isha prayers may be very close together in high latitudes.
- Maghrib prayer occurs much later in the evening.
Winter
- Shorter days mean Asr prayer may be close to Dhuhr.
- Maghrib prayer occurs earlier in the evening.
Methods for Extreme Latitudes
- Nearest Latitude Method: Use the prayer times of the nearest city where all prayers can be observed.
- One-Seventh Method: Divide the night into seven parts, using one-seventh for Isha and one-seventh before sunrise for Fajr.
- Angle-Based Method: Use a fixed angle (like 18°) below the horizon for Fajr and Isha, regardless of whether this point is reached.
Calculation Tools
- Many mobile apps and websites offer location-based prayer time calculations.
- These tools often allow users to choose different calculation methods for high latitudes.
Conclusion
Adjusting prayer times for different seasons and latitudes requires understanding the astronomical basis of Islamic prayer times and using appropriate calculation methods. Muslims in extreme latitudes may need to consult local scholars or use specialized calculation methods to determine accurate prayer times throughout the year.
